Across her rich body of work, playwright Mfoniso Udofia has demonstrated a deep reverence for the traditional rules of a “well-made play”—and an equal enthusiasm for tossing those rules into the garbage. 

“Aristotle’s principle of dramatic action, in modern craft terms: A play should imitate one whole action,” explains The Grown Woman, Udofia’s (possible) avatar and the protagonist of her new play creation stories and all the important importants, in a scene addressing her playwriting students. (We, the audience, are the students.) “No scene unless it advances the plot. Just: Cause, Effect, Consequence." 

But notice, the Grown Woman continues, how your assignment for the week breaks this rule almost immediately. 

“Sometimes, in the middle of a passage you think you comprehend…on walks a goat,” she says. “Some wholly unprepared-for thing that hijacks the narrative. And yet, somehow, infuriatingly, it is all still…”

…it is still right. But when to break the rules? And how to know if you’ve gotten away with it?

In three strange new works now open off-Broadway, a trio of playwrights upend the traditional rules of a “well-made play” with varying levels of success. Jacob Ming-Trent’s solo show How Shakespeare Saved My Life destabilizes the typical structure of a one-man confessional, while Joshua Owen’s drama Human Things seems to reset itself at the halfway point, transforming into an altogether new kind of story. 

In other words: Just when I thought I had a handle on each of these plays…on walked a goat. 

Udofia is well-practiced in toying with structure. Her nine-play “Ufot Cycle,” a tapestry of stories tracing one Nigerian family over multiple generations of life in the United States, reinvented itself with each successive work. (The cycle concludes in Boston next month with Adia & Clora Snatch Joy at Huntington Theater Company.) Ranging from large ensemble epics to two-person chamber pieces, each play tinkered with form, suggesting unseen forces in the shadows and time collapsing in on itself. 

(As an aside: I have seen just four of the eight Ufot plays, and in my dream world, all eight works could one day take over the Public, or Signature, or whatever multi-theater space, allowing audiences to drift freely from one to the next, swimming happily in the rich waters of Udofia’s mind for hours on end.)

creation stories, now at LCT3’s Claire Tow Theatre through November 1, is a semi-biographical piece and not part of the Ufot cycle. This dreamy work centers on an overburdened writer in her 30s, referred to only as “The Grown Woman”, who is pushing through daily life while struggling through unsuccessful IVF treatments. She is trailed by The Little Girl (Savannah Commodore), a sprightly figure who seeks to lure Grown Woman back to a sense of play. 

As a text, creation stories is crafted as poetry in motion. Grown Woman pushes through her day—exercise, phone calls, doctors appointments, classes—repeating to herself, “Forward, forward.” An astonishing Abigail C. Onwunali circles and circles on Jason Ardizzone-West’s set, which resembles an indoor play center. Plot-wise, not a whole lot happens. And yet so much happens: Grown Woman is on the verge of collapse, and Udofia is concocting a chimerical reverie inside her buckling mind. 

Though Tamilla Woodward’s staging aims for the ethereal quality that Udofia’s writing demands, we never quite get there. It rarely feels like Woodward can break the rules with the same delight as Udofia. Even when the text moves entirely into the land of imagining, the space remains literal and the tone sleepy. It falls on Onwunali to carry us into that dreamland—and she nearly pulls it off, carrying a mammoth text and delivering a heartwrenching performance. 

That said, text and production do find a stunning coalescence in one sequence: when Little Girl forces Grown Woman into a moment of stillness by playing Gustav Holst’s “Jupiter,” from orchestral suite The Planets. The action pauses, and the two live in the music. Grown Woman sways and cries; Little Girl dances. For a moment, we are in another reality. And it feels so right. 

The proverbial “goat” that barges into Jacob Ming-Trent’s How Shakespeare Saved My Life is, improbably enough, turtle-like video game villain Bowser. Yes, as in the antagonist of the Super Mario gaming universe. 

Bowser makes his surprising entrance as Ming-Trent recalls a frightening first experience taking the hallucinogenic drug PCP. The animated monster shoots past on the back wall, chasing a mini-projection of Ming-Trent himself. (Projection designs are by Alexander V. Nichols.)

This bizarre moment captures the manic, playful tone that writer and performer Ming-Trent, working alongside director Tony Taccone, looks to hit upon with his solo piece. A clown at heart, Ming-Trent is clearly not interested in trauma dumping. He wants to upend the rules of these solo works, which tend to start out fun before a third-act turn into calamity. Why not instead let wackiness and tragedy sit on top of one another, silliness colliding with sadness, all of the emotions mixed in together? Shakespeare got away with it, right? 

So, we get Bowser. And we get a Looney Toons-esque sequence where a teenage Ming-Trent is initiated into a new gang via cartoonish beatdown: “Boom,” “THWACK!” 

And, we get a truly bizarre fantasy section where a young Ming-Trent attends a production of Othello, then is chased through the streets by white audience members all screaming in unison: “You should play Othello, you should play Othello!” That scene ends with our hero being arrested by a police officer who proclaims, as Ming-Trent keeps resisting: “Othello is a fantastic play—you’re going to jail!”

Did Ming-Trent actually get arrested that night? Based on the jail sequence that follows, seemingly yes. But don’t expect any clarity on what actually happened. You’re not gonna get it.

It all sounds fun on paper, but the tone ends up a mess. Taccone’s confused production for Red Bull Theater (a co-production with Berkeley Repertory Theatre and Folger Theatre, presented at The Public Theatre through October 25) is ultimately most successful when it sticks to Shakespeare.

It goes without saying that Ming-Trent is a masterful interpreter of the Bard—his Falstaff in Jocelyn Bioh’s adaptation of Merry Wives of Windsor remains a personal theatrical highlight. He demonstrates that skill every time he slips into soliloquy, and each one speaks powerfully to the challenges facing his teenage self. It’s fun to mix it up, but sometimes, the classics do hit the best.

In terms of tonal mishmash, Joshua Owen’s Human Things sections itself out more clearly: act one of this ambitious work plays as naturalistic drama, with two mismatched couples colliding on a remote island; then act two switches gears entirely to apocalyptic fabulism, as the group confronts the gruesome aftermath of a raging storm. 

That quieter first act might be horribly dull if not for a pervading feeling of unease, an unsettled tone that director Rory McGregor holds to carefully. Why is Margaret (Rebeca Robles), a researcher stationed on this island for years, suddenly so unsettled? And does her husband Greg (Ben Rosenfield) not seem oddly cold, almost frightening in his disaffectedness? What is the real story behind the arrival of older couple Darce (two-time Tony Award winner Victoria Clark) and Bo (Tony nominee Michael Mulheren), who have washed up on the island with a questionable backstory?

But it’s all a misdirect. Some of these questions are answered, some are not. But having laid the foundations for a secrets-coming-out type talky, Owen pulls the rug out with a raging storm that upends both characters and play. (The storm itself is an impressive bit of staging, with thundering sound from Ian Scot and jump-worthy lighting action from Reza Behjat.) 

In the face of overwhelming destruction, the secrets scarcely matter. Survival becomes the only question, one that reveals a cynical look at our basest human instincts. It’s a harsh pivot for sure, one that consciously alienates. But I admit to finding the cold, near-hopeless turn of the play a kind of ugly thrill. 

It all culminates in the arrival of another goat—in this case, a giant golden egg covered in spikes. Greg wants to protect it; Margaret views it as a threat. This egg comes totally out of nowhere, and is never explained. I don’t know what the hell it represents. And yet…it felt right. Somehow, that egg just felt right. 

The wife-and-wife team of Else and Emma Rose Went came out swinging last year with Initiative, a five-and-a-half-hour epic tracing the maturation of a high school friend group in the early aughts. Its sweeping scope reminded me of Degrassi: The Next Generation, which through sheer duration and character plurality stands as one of the most realistic depictions of people across time – somewhat paradoxically, considering its melodramatic swings, but also appropriately, due to the mundanity of life it encompasses. Else, the playwright, knit her characters’ online lives, DnD personas and real selves into a rich, sometimes fringed tapestry, which Emma Rose knew how to best display.

Their followup, Degenerates at Playwrights Horizons, is an even more ambitious, incisive and sometimes excoriating exploration of cyber-connected outcasts — in half the time. It centers on a trio of deeply isolated incels on an ongoing, audio-only Discord whose IRL identities complicate their red-pilling. The energy drink-swilling Miller (Zachary Desmond), the most assertive of them, is proof that intelligence and wit are morally moot in the Post-Truth era, his mind warped into knots of self-hate and self-denial. He bulldozes over Kemp (Tyler Nowell Felix), a sensitive Black anime fan at the end of his rope, and secretly (we learn) lusts after Target (Christopher Dylan White), a cosplay streamer blindly groping their way through gender.

Miller’s casual cruelty on the chat is sometimes aided by Target’s perspectives, and the latter’s connection to the group’s ringleader takes on an almost ride-or-die dimension until it’s cam-mode, and they manage to dom Miller into driving the hour and a half over to finally meet. 

Else’s writing is excellent and insightful throughout; I don’t know how one doesn’t develop a permanent migraine wrangling this much online-ness into a single work (echoes of Circle Jerk), let alone such a cohesive and emotionally attuned one. It’s when Miller and Target meet, and Mikiko Suzuki MacAdams’ gorgeous scenic design allows their discrete spaces to physically come together, that Emma Rose presents some of the best stage direction today. (The production is aided by Kindall Houston Almond’s costume, Jiyoun Chang’s lighting, and S. Katy Tucker’s video and projection designs.)

Felix turns in a wonderful performance as Kemp, and Juan Arturo, who has gradually built a career out of left-of-center, beguiling work, briefly appears as a Meninist-adjacent cohort member. Olivia Rose Barresi, an Initiative alum, uses her empathy-1000 voice to heartrending effect during the suicide hotline call, performed in the dark, which opens the play.
But this is mostly a showcase for Desmond and White’s pas de deux, and both are remarkable. Desmond’s eyes as they stare at the object of his bewildered affection are lustful and deranged, violent and self-effacting all at once. (A sex scene later on is one of the most charged – and hottest – encounters I’ve seen onstage.) As the slipperier Target, White is a study of embodied etherealness. Both are extremely convincing in roles that are equally reactive and propulsive. Onstage for most of the play’s near-three hour runtime, they only augment or deconstruct their layered portrayals.

As in Initiative, there’s a streak of sentimentality to the playwright’s conclusions, though here it feels more like a touching call to humanity than a way to wrap up loose ends. To its credit (among many), Degenerates is extremely online, extremely today, but tapped into a graceful sense of truth that Went has undoubtedly mined from imagination, insight and experience. After all that onlineness, the Wents know how to ethically unplug.

~~~

Another tale of degeneration is being told at the always-great Irish Rep, which is restaging its 2006 production of The Hairy Ape, Eugene O’Neill’s 1922 war cry against class inhumanity. Ciarán O’Reilly’s production is a stunner, nimbly walking the line between the early career playwright’s expressionism and the realism he would later exemplify. 

In the bowels of a fancy ocean liner, burly and surly Yank (Jon Beavers) considers himself the salt of the earth, mindlessly shoveling coal so that society industrialists like Mildred (Elizabeth Teeter) and her aunt (Joanna Glushak) can twirl their pearls on the lido deck. (Orla Long designed the costumes.)

When the younger social worker decides to take a peep at how the other half lives, she’s horrified by Yank and calls him a “filthy beast.” Once ashore, the now-destabilized stoker finds himself adrift in the early 20th century, trying his luck on Fifth Avenue, a labor meeting presided by a snooty organizer (perfectly played by Adam Petherbridge), and ultimately, the zoo.

Charlie Corcoran’s industrial two-tiered set (inspired by Eugene Lee’s design from 2006) is, perfectly, impressive to us and oppressive to its characters. Especially in scenes set in the ship’s stokehold, lit in smoky neon by Michael Gottlieb, the sense that these men could be crushed at any point is thrilling and palpable. O’Reilly stages much of the action downstage, emphasizing the presentational nature of the text, save for Mildred’s upstage entrance into the hellish stokehold.

That crucial moment is the only one to fall flat for me: the state in which Mildred perceives  Yank might evince her cataclysmic insult, but is hardly crude or unimaginable enough to warrant fainting, and the ridiculousness of that gesture would likely rather cause Yank to scoff than begin an existential tailspin. But then, at least five days into performances, this Yank is not completely convincing. 

Beavers has the brawn (we’ll overlook his hairless torso), and nails the initial scenes in which Yank, utterly secure in his station ("I start something, and the world moves!”), holds court against an older worker’s (John Keating) inkling of consciousness. But Beavers retains that surety throughout, even as Yank’s speech, as written, becomes more babble than bravado. There’s little there to suggest a man losing his grip, much less his place in the world.

It’s a game performance, regardless, as are the rest from the (rather sizable) cast, and O’Reilly presents the material truthfully and memorably enough to overcome flaws–even two which might otherwise sink a staging. The Hairy Ape, at least at Irish Rep, is never out of place.

I shudder to give a “But what if we queered it?” trigger-happy director the idea, but I wonder what a production with homoeroticism turned up a few degrees might look like. (The Id-forward trash collector at the center of João Pedro Rodrigues’ erotic shocker O Fantasma follows a similar trajectory of physical and spiritual degradation – he, too, is ultimately faced with the animal to which he is compared – and the film is not without its class critique.) The tableau on which O’Reilly’s staging opens proposes it could be done; I’ve seen that one before. Something that comments on brotherhood and homosociality, which critiques certain strains of leftism’s alignment of queerness and decadence. I don’t know, maybe I’m just into a righteous brute.

Degenerates is scheduled through November 1, 2026 at Playwrights Horizons on West 42nd Street in New York City. For tickets and more information, visit here.

The Hairy Ape is scheduled through November 15, 2026 at Irish Rep on West 21st Street in New York City. For tickets and more information, visit here.

The wife-and-wife team of Else and Emma Rose Went came out swinging last year with Initiative, a five-and-a-half-hour epic tracing the maturation of a high school friend group in the early aughts. Its sweeping scope reminded me of Degrassi: The Next Generation, which through sheer duration and character plurality stands as one of the most realistic depictions of people across time – somewhat paradoxically, considering its melodramatic swings, but also appropriately, due to the mundanity of life it encompasses. Else, the playwright, knit her characters’ online lives, DnD personas and real selves into a rich, sometimes fringed tapestry, which Emma Rose knew how to best display.

Their followup, Degenerates at Playwrights Horizons, is an even more ambitious, incisive and sometimes excoriating exploration of cyber-connected outcasts — in half the time. It centers on a trio of deeply isolated incels on an ongoing, audio-only Discord whose IRL identities complicate their red-pilling. The energy drink-swilling Miller (Zachary Desmond), the most assertive of them, is proof that intelligence and wit are morally moot in the Post-Truth era, his mind warped into knots of self-hate and self-denial. He bulldozes over Kemp (Tyler Nowell Felix), a sensitive Black anime fan at the end of his rope, and secretly (we learn) lusts after Target (Christopher Dylan White), a cosplay streamer blindly groping their way through gender.

Miller’s casual cruelty on the chat is sometimes aided by Target’s perspectives, and the latter’s connection to the group’s ringleader takes on an almost ride-or-die dimension until it’s cam-mode, and they manage to dom Miller into driving the hour and a half over to finally meet. 

Else’s writing is excellent and insightful throughout; I don’t know how one doesn’t develop a permanent migraine wrangling this much online-ness into a single work (echoes of Circle Jerk), let alone such a cohesive and emotionally attuned one. It’s when Miller and Target meet, and Mikiko Suzuki MacAdams’ gorgeous scenic design allows their discrete spaces to physically come together, that Emma Rose presents some of the best stage direction today. (The production is aided by Kindall Houston Almond’s costume, Jiyoun Chang’s lighting, and S. Katy Tucker’s video and projection designs.)

Felix turns in a wonderful performance as Kemp, and Juan Arturo, who has gradually built a career out of left-of-center, beguiling work, briefly appears as a Meninist-adjacent cohort member. Olivia Rose Barresi, an Initiative alum, uses her empathy-1000 voice to heartrending effect during the suicide hotline call, performed in the dark, which opens the play.
But this is mostly a showcase for Desmond and White’s pas de deux, and both are remarkable. Desmond’s eyes as they stare at the object of his bewildered affection are lustful and deranged, violent and self-effacting all at once. (A sex scene later on is one of the most charged – and hottest – encounters I’ve seen onstage.) As the slipperier Target, White is a study of embodied etherealness. Both are extremely convincing in roles that are equally reactive and propulsive. Onstage for most of the play’s near-three hour runtime, they only augment or deconstruct their layered portrayals.

As in Initiative, there’s a streak of sentimentality to the playwright’s conclusions, though here it feels more like a touching call to humanity than a way to wrap up loose ends. To its credit (among many), Degenerates is extremely online, extremely today, but tapped into a graceful sense of truth that Went has undoubtedly mined from imagination, insight and experience. After all that onlineness, the Wents know how to ethically unplug.

~~~

Another tale of degeneration is being told at the always-great Irish Rep, which is restaging its 2006 production of The Hairy Ape, Eugene O’Neill’s 1922 war cry against class inhumanity. Ciarán O’Reilly’s production is a stunner, nimbly walking the line between the early career playwright’s expressionism and the realism he would later exemplify. 

In the bowels of a fancy ocean liner, burly and surly Yank (Jon Beavers) considers himself the salt of the earth, mindlessly shoveling coal so that society industrialists like Mildred (Elizabeth Teeter) and her aunt (Joanna Glushak) can twirl their pearls on the lido deck. (Orla Long designed the costumes.)

When the younger social worker decides to take a peep at how the other half lives, she’s horrified by Yank and calls him a “filthy beast.” Once ashore, the now-destabilized stoker finds himself adrift in the early 20th century, trying his luck on Fifth Avenue, a labor meeting presided by a snooty organizer (perfectly played by Adam Petherbridge), and ultimately, the zoo.

Charlie Corcoran’s industrial two-tiered set (inspired by Eugene Lee’s design from 2006) is, perfectly, impressive to us and oppressive to its characters. Especially in scenes set in the ship’s stokehold, lit in smoky neon by Michael Gottlieb, the sense that these men could be crushed at any point is thrilling and palpable. O’Reilly stages much of the action downstage, emphasizing the presentational nature of the text, save for Mildred’s upstage entrance into the hellish stokehold.

That crucial moment is the only one to fall flat for me: the state in which Mildred perceives  Yank might evince her cataclysmic insult, but is hardly crude or unimaginable enough to warrant fainting, and the ridiculousness of that gesture would likely rather cause Yank to scoff than begin an existential tailspin. But then, at least five days into performances, this Yank is not completely convincing. 

Beavers has the brawn (we’ll overlook his hairless torso), and nails the initial scenes in which Yank, utterly secure in his station ("I start something, and the world moves!”), holds court against an older worker’s (John Keating) inkling of consciousness. But Beavers retains that surety throughout, even as Yank’s speech, as written, becomes more babble than bravado. There’s little there to suggest a man losing his grip, much less his place in the world.

It’s a game performance, regardless, as are the rest from the (rather sizable) cast, and O’Reilly presents the material truthfully and memorably enough to overcome flaws–even two which might otherwise sink a staging. The Hairy Ape, at least at Irish Rep, is never out of place.

I shudder to give a “But what if we queered it?” trigger-happy director the idea, but I wonder what a production with homoeroticism turned up a few degrees might look like. (The Id-forward trash collector at the center of João Pedro Rodrigues’ erotic shocker O Fantasma follows a similar trajectory of physical and spiritual degradation – he, too, is ultimately faced with the animal to which he is compared – and the film is not without its class critique.) The tableau on which O’Reilly’s staging opens proposes it could be done; I’ve seen that one before. Something that comments on brotherhood and homosociality, which critiques certain strains of leftism’s alignment of queerness and decadence. I don’t know, maybe I’m just into a righteous brute.

Degenerates is scheduled through November 1, 2026 at Playwrights Horizons on West 42nd Street in New York City. For tickets and more information, visit here.

The Hairy Ape is scheduled through November 15, 2026 at Irish Rep on West 21st Street in New York City. For tickets and more information, visit here.